ACADEMY OF SAINT GABRIEL REPORT 3173 http://www.s-gabriel.org/3173 ************************************ 20 Sep 2006 From: Aryanhwy merch Catmael Greetings from the Academy of S. Gabriel! You asked for our help constructing an authentic name for a Cathar heretic living in the late 12th or early 13th centuries, and said you were considering , or a byname meaning "the juggler". Here is what we have found. is a southern French variant of , which is in turn a form of or . [1] As it can be found in the 13th century, it is a fine choice for your given name. [2] During your period, was pronounced roughly \DJOH-rees\. Your first choice of byname, , is also a good choice. is both the early and modern Catalan spelling of , and we found a number of examples of this spelling in the 10th century, and again in your period. [2,3,4] In English, the use of the word juggler in the modern sense (someone who can toss and catch several objects in complicated patterns) dates only to the 19th century. [5] There does not seem to be a straightforward one-word term for 'juggler' in modern French or Spanish. It seems quite possible that jugglers were simply one more sort of mountebank, jongleur, travelling player, etc. (and very likely did other things as well anyway). Indeed, a poem by a 13th-century Provencal troubadour defines a true jongleur as one who is able to "speak and rhyme well, be witty, know the story of Troy, balance apples on the points of knives, juggle, jump through hoops, play the citole, mandora, harp, fiddle, psaltery...". He is further advised (for good measure) to learn the arts of imitating birds, putting performing asses and dogs through their paces, and of operating marionettes. [6] The Old French word , also spelled and , is attested in various forms from the beginning of the 12th century, with an example of from c. 1180. [8] The word appears in Occitan around roughly the same time, when in 12th-century manuscripts it is spelled , , and . [11,12] There is also an Occitan work, "Lo vers del saig e del joglar", by a 13th century troubadour; in a 14th-century manuscript of the work, the word is spelled , , and . [9,10] We find examples of these words being used as bynames in the 13th-century, including a man whose byname was spelled variously , , and ; the spellings and appear to be most typical. [7] would have been pronounced roughly \djoh-GLAR\ in your period. We can therefore recommend a name such as as a good choice for the 13th-century, and perhaps also for the end of the 12th-century. A form of the byname which uses the definite article may also be appropriate, but we cannot say for sure without further research. We hope that this letter has been useful to you and that you won't hesitate to write us again if any part was unclear or you have further questions. Research and commentary on this letter was provided by Talan Gwynek, Ursula Georges, and Adelaide de Beaumont. For the Academy, -Aryanhwy merch Catmael, 20 September 2006 -- References: [1] Dauzat, Albert, _Dictionnaire Etymologique des Noms de Famille et Prenoms de France_ (Paris: Libraire Larousse, 1987), s.n. George(s) [2] Ramons lo Montalbes, "French/Occitan Names From The XII And XIII Century" (WWW: Academy of Saint Gabriel, 1997). http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/ramon/occitan/ [3] Dauzat, Albert & Ch. Rostaing, _Dictionnaire Etymologique des Noms de Lieux de la France_ (Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1963), s.n. Toulouse. [4] Ordeig i Mata, Ramon, _Catalunya Carolingia: Volum IV: Els Comtats d'Osona i Manresa_, Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, 1999, pp. 626, 651, 674. [5] --, _The Oxford English Dictionary_ (WWW: OED.com), s.v. juggler (1989 edition) [6] Southworth, John, _The English Medieval Minstrel_ (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1989), p. 8 [7] _Enque^te de Bernard de Caux et de Jean de St Pierre Lauragais 1245-1246, 1253_ (Ms 609 Biblio. Mun. Toulouse), (WWW: Jean Duvernoy, 2002) http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/ms609_a.pdf http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/ms609_b.pdf http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/ms609_c.pdf [8] Greimas, Algirdas Julien, _Dictionnaire de l'ancien franc,ais_ (Paris: Larousse, 1997), s.v. jogler [9] "Cerveri/ de Girona" (WWW: Wikipedia.org, 2 May 2006) http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona [10] 'Canc,oner provenc,al (Canc,oner gil)', Biblioteca Virtual Joan Llui/s Vives (WWW: Fundacio/ Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, n.d.) http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/78036287651236130932457/index.htm [11] d'Aurenga, Raimbaut, "Gap 24" (WWW: Trobar.org, no date) http://www.trobar.org/troubadours/aurenga/aa24.php [12] d'Aurgena, Raimbaut, "Ab nou cor et ab nou talen" (BdT 389.1), ed. Luigi Milone (WWW: Rialto.unina.it, no date) http://www.rialto.unina.it/RbAur/389.1/389.1txtapp.htm